Tinospora cordifolia: A Successful Story from Botanical background to Pharmaceutical Product

 

Anamika Gautam, Harmeet Kaur, Arvinder Kaur, Pankaj Kumar Prashar, Ankita Sood, Sachin Kumar Singh,

Monica Gulati, Narendra Kumar Pandey, Bimlesh Kumar*

School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India.

 

ABSTRACT:

Tinospora Cordifolia (TC) (family: Menispermaceae) is a medicinal plant with multi health benefits. This plant is reported to possess anti-diabetic, anti-periodic, anti-spasmodic, anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritic, anti-oxidant, anti-allergic, anti-stress, anti-leprotic, anti-malarial, hepato-protective, immunomodulatory and anti-neoplastic effects. Each part of this plant and its various species are effective in the treatment of various disorders. Alpha-D-glucan of this plant causes activation of immune system through activation of macrophage that occur by TLR6 signaling, NF kappa B translocation and cytokine production. Its extract is antagonizing the effect of Histamine, 5-HT, bradykinin, PGE1 in smooth muscle of rat. Scientific reports stablished that, LD50 value was higher than 1 g/kg in case of oral administration in experimental animal apart from that no abnormalities were detected in liver and renal function of rats received 100mg/kg for 12 weeks. 3g/kg of its administration did not show any adverse effects or animal death in Wistar albino rats undergone acute toxicity studies. TC reported safe in a phase I study. Clinically it was reported that its aqueous extract decreases the toxic effects of alcohol and help to modulate testosterone and cholesterol biosynthesis. Hence present review focus on preclinical and clinical importance of TC and its bioactive compounds.

 

 

 

INTRODUCTION:

Tinospora Cordifolia (TC) belongs to the family Menispermaceae is a medicinal plant with multiple therapeutic benefits which is well described in classical test of Ayurveda viz. Charak, Sushrut and Ashtang Hridaya, Bhava Prakash and Dhanvantari Nighantu [1-3]. It is commonly known as guduchi (Sanskrit), amrita or giloya (Hindi) and moonseed [3,4]. Literature suggest its uses from many centuries not only in various disorders but also in toxic conditions [5]. It is widely distributed Himalayan region of India, Burma, china, Myanmar and Sri Lanka [3]. TC has been widely is used in Ayurveda and veterinary medicine. It is reported to protect neuropathy pain, Inflammation, Diabetes, Immunomodulatory effect, anti-oxidant, anti-allergy, anti-malarial, anti-leprotic, anti-arthritic, diuretic, anti-stress anti-neoplastic for learning and memory purpose [2, 5-7].

 

 

Its stem, leaf and roots are mainly known to have pharmacological potentials due to presence of several chemical constituents which belongs to the different classes viz. alkaloids, steroids, triterpenoids and lignans [3]. Stems are used because it contains higher amount of alkaloid [7]. TC having rich amount of different phytoconstituent such as Alkaloids, Diterpenoids, Lactones, Glycoside, Steroids, Sesquiterpenoids, Phenolic aliphatic and Polysaccharides [8]. The plant is rich source of biochemical and therapeutically used in various disease cause by carbohydrate metabolism [9]. According to Ayurveda medicinal it is also known as magical herb [10]. The plant composed of higher amount of trace element (zinc and copper) which produce anti-oxidant property and protect cells from damage effect of oxygen radical during immune activation. TC having rich secondary metabolites and having therapeutic effect [1].

 

Botanical description:

TC is native shrub found in tropical regions. It is a unisexual plant and grow in summer session. This plant grows in various soil such as acid to alkaline with full sun and moderate moisture [11]. TC is shrub which is 3.3 feet long and 1.5 feet wide. Bark and steam of this plant is very thin which is grey to creamy white in appearance [3]. Leaves of TC are heart shaped. Male flower is present in cluster (green to yellow color) and female flowers are singly [12]. Aerial roots of the plant having small spore, and which arise from branches. Seed of TC is pea shaped and the fruit (shiny turn red color) of the plant is bear in winter session [4].

 

Chemical constituent:

The plant containing large number chemical constituent is isolated from the plant which belongs to various classes such as alkaloid, glycoside, steroids, sesquiterpenoids, aliphatic compound, essential oil, mixture of fatty acid and polysaccharide [1]. Most alkaloid is found in leaves which are rich source of phosphorus, protein and calcium because it contains alkaloids tinosporin, tinosporic acid, and tinosporal [11]. The major phytoconstituent found in TC are tinosporine, tinosporide, tinosporaside, cordifolia, cardifol, heptacasanol, clerodane, furano diterpone, diterpenoid furano lactone, tinosporidine, columbin, 6-sitosterol [8]. Some of the chemical constituents of TC is shown in figure 1.

 

Ayurvedic to allopathic use:

According to the Ayurvedic medicinal system TC is the widely used plant. It is formulated in various formulations to treat various disease, they are generally formulated as tonic, antiperiodic, antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, anti-arthritic, anti-leprotic, anti-diabetic and skin infections [13]. Now days, according to the allopathic medicinal system this plant is used as anti-stress, antimalarial, neuropathic pain, diuretic, stomachic, bile secretion and for jaundice [7]. The plant is combined with drugs and used as antidote for snakebite and scorpion. TCis also used to cure cancer, liver protection action, and also used in ulcer [11].

 

Preclinical aspects of TC:

There are number of components presented in TC which is important for the activity of the plant (Root, Bark, Stem, etc.). The ethanolic extract of whole plant used in the treatment of ulcer. TC produced cytoprotective action in GI mucosa. It is also having antioxidant activity so it used against stress induced ulcer. The ethanolic extract is more safer having less side effect [14]. Ethanolic extract is improving sleep, anxiety, memory and motar function in animal. Stem is rich source of TCA and TCB, it is used for oxidative stress. The extract having the capacity to reduce the damage caused by hydrogen peroxide [15]. It is also used to improve immune function and toxicity by improving the enzyme such as SGPT, SGOT, ALP in serum [16]. TC used in the treatment of various diseases, fresh leaves of TC used in depression and having antidepressant activity. It has been seen that the TST is less stressful and has higher pharmacological sensitivity than FST. The extract of leaves improves the 5-HT and catecholamines neurotransmitters [17]. The extract of aerial part of plant having rich source of glycoside, alkaloid, steroid, terpenoid, flavonoid. The analgesic activity of pant is due to flavonoids which inhibit the production of prostaglandins. According to the study it is explained that plant extract having effect on central nervous system depressant activity as indicated by decreased exploratory behavior in animal [18]. It is also improving the mitochondrial activity of TCCP and used in the treatment of parkinsonism [19]. The crude extract of root is used in inflammation TC having antimicrobial and antifungal property so it can be used in microbial infection like psoriasis like dermatitis in animal [20]. Freshly prepared aqueous extract of root of plant used in the treatment of diabetes by improving the glucose level and improving destructions of beta cell by alloxan [21]. Further preclinical aspect of TC is given in table below-

 

Fig 1: Alkaloids in TC a. Berberine b. Palmatine c. Magnoflorine d. Tembetarine e. Jatrorrhizine f. Furan lactone , g. aliphatic compound in TC, Octanol, Ssteroids in TC h. 20-ydroxycdysone, i. Makisterone, Glycoside in TC j. Cardifoliside k. Pregnane l. Syringin

 

Stem of TC having rich source of alkaloids like berberine, palmatine, jatrorrhizine and Magnoflorine. The alkaloid presented in plant having antifungal, antipyretic activity. It also exerts spasmolytic action on muscles which may be responsible for the scabicidal activity of TC stem extracts. The lotion of TC reduced the skin infection [22]. The ethanolic extract of TC also improve the stress, depression, anxiety and sexual dysfunction [23]. Tablet of TC use in clinical trials improving the liver function and renal function, it is also improving the hemoglobin and biochemical parameter. It is reported during study that the drug is safe at 500 mg/kg and having less side effect [24]. TC showed significantly improve the bactericidal capacity of polymorphs, it also improves the symptom like sneezing, nasal discharge, increase total leukocyte count. Extract of T Calso used in the treatment of HIV [25]. The detailed description of clinical study given below in table 2

 

Table 1: Preclinical and clinical study of TC

Induction model	Animal used	Dose tested	Remarks	Reference
Carrageenan induced paw edema	Rats	50 mg/kg	The plant extract shows effect against inflammation	[7]
Stress induced neuropathic pain	Mice’s	2-5mg/kg	Plant have antidepressant and anxiolytic activity and change the behavioral activity	[10]
Stress induced neuropathic pain	Rats	100-200 mg/kg alcoholic extract (p.o.)	The extract having no adverse effect up to 3gm/kg.	[26]
Intra-cerebral injection of 6‑OHDA	Rats	200-400mg/kg ethanolic extract	Decreases the level of dopamine	[6]
IMQ 5 % (6.25mg) cream induced Psoriasis (skin disorder)	Mice	250mg extract	Extract showed its potential for use in psoriasis	[20]
Carrageenan-induced paw edema	Rats	25-200 μg/ml	The chloroform extract effective against the inflammation	[27]
Wound model	Rats	200mg/kg with 2% gum acacia	The plant treat wound healing, could promote the healing of surgical wounds	[1]
Streptozotocin diabetes model	Mice’s	400mg/kg aqueous extract	Extract is effective in STZ induced diabetes and stress	[28]
Streptozotocin induced diabetic	Rats	100,200,400mg/kg	Increases level of glucose is treated with the TCextract.	[29]
Alloxan induced diabetes	Rats	2.5 g kg-1, 5.0g kg-1, 7.5g kg-1	Reduces glucose level and produces hypoglycemia.	[21]
Pylorus ligation, stress induced and indomethacin induced ulcer	Rats	400 mg/kg	In all models of ulcer potential activity were reported	[14]
Caron tetrachloride intoxication	Rats	100 mg/kg	Exhibited hepatoprotective effect	[16]
Inflammation in joints	Rats	1g/kg in 2ml	Decreases the inflammation in bone and joints, cartilage damage. It also decreases pro-inflammatory cytokinase.	[30]
CCl4 intoxication	Mice’s	150mg/kg	It boost the immune system	[31]
Pylorus ligation	Rats	200-400mg/kg	Plant have anti-ulcer activity and cytoprotective	[32]
CCl4 intoxication	Mice’s	40mg/kg	The plant has better immune modulator activity; it protects the DNA form damage.	[33]
Anti-stress activity	Rats	100 mg/kg	Treat stress and depression	[34]
Metal depression	Mice’s	50,100,200mg/kg	The plant improves anti-depressant activity	[35]
Analgesic and neuropharmacological activity	Mice’s	200 and 400mg/kg	Drug has high analgesic activity and potent CNS depressant activity	[18]
Stress induced (mental or behavioral disorder)	Mice’s	50 and 100mg/kg	Fresh leaves of the plant having better anti-depressant activity	[17]
Hormonal imbalance cause anxiety (acute sleep deprived)	Rats	100 mg/ml	Treat negative effects of Sleep Disorder.	[36]
MPTP induced	Rats	200mg/kg	Reduces parkinsonism.	[19]
Streptozotocin induced diabetic	Rats	250 mg/kg	The extract is normalize the blood glucose level.	[37]
Pyloric ligation, ethanol induced ulcer	Rats	150 and 300 mg/kg	Produces significant inhibition of the gastric lesions induced by pylorus ligation induced ulcer and ethanol induced gastric ulcer.	[38]
Pylorus ligation method, Aspirin induced method Ethanol induced method	Rats	400 mg/kg	Extract is useful in ulcer	[39]
Alloxan induced diabetes	Rats	2.5, 5, 7.5 gm/kg	Able to treat diabetes with a very effective manner	[40]
Carbon tetra chloride induced liver damage	Rats	100, 200, and 300 mg/kg	Improves the immune system against infection and showed no side effect at high dose.	[41]
Carrageenan-induced paw edema	Rats	50, 100 and 150 mg/kg	Different concentration of extract used in the reduction of paw edema and prevent inflammation	[42]
carrageen induced paw edema test, yeast induced pyrexia	Mice’s	300 and 500 mg/kg (1200 mg/kg for toxicity study)	The extract is having high amount of flavonoid. Flavonoid is known for the exhibition to exhibit anti-inflammatory, antioxidant.	[43]
N‑nitrosodiethylamine (diethyl nitrosamine) induced liver cancer	Rats	300 mg/kg	Extract fulfills the healing criteria and having little side effect.	[44]
Ovariectomy	Female rats	10, 50, and 100 mg/kg	Extract useful in ovariectomy	[45]
Thioacetamide-induced liver cirrhosis	Rats	100 and 200 mg/kg	Extract is high anti-oxidant, so the effect of extract is reducing the liver cirrhosis	[46]
Indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer	Rats	235, 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg	ECD (epoxy clerodane diterpenes) was helpful in treatment of ulcer	[47]
Cisplatin induced neurotoxicity	Rats	200 and 400 mg/kg	Ethanol extract causes anti-oxidant activity and having effect against cisplatin induced neurotoxicity	[48]
Immunostimulatory effect	Rats	100, 200, and 400 mg/kg	Plant exhibited immunoprotective effect	[49]
Cisplatin induced neurotoxicity	Rats	500 mg/kg	Alcoholic extract of TC can be used for treatment against malignances	[50]
Amphetamine challenged model	Mice’s	250 and 500 mg/kg	Used in the physiological and psychological conditions	[51]
Oxidative stress	Rats	250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg-1	Act by inhibiting Na+/H- and act as apoptotic agent.	[52]
Scopolamine/dopamine/cyclosporine induced memory impairment	Rats	100 mg/kg	The drug extract improves the learning and memory	[53]
Osteoarthritis degeneration disorder	Rats	10 mg/kg	Exhibited protective anabolic effect and used to treat osteoarthritis	[54]
Alloxan induced diabetes	Rats	2.5,5.0,7.5 mg/kg	Oral administration of TC extracts showed antiperoxidative effect and control blood glucose level.	[37]
Streptozotocin induced retinopathy	Rats	250 mg/kg	Antihyperglycemic and antioxidant property of TC extract used to treat diabetes retinopathy	[55]
Streptozotocin induced diabetes	Rats	20 mg/kg	Extract decreases HBAC1 and increase hemoglobin, peptide and enzyme with control blood glucose level	[56]
ATT induced tuberculosis	Rats	50, 100, 300 mg/kg	TC is used to treat tuberculosis by improving biochemical and biochemical and another parameter	[57]
High fructose diet induced insulin resistance and oxidative stress	Rats	400 mg/kg	Showed hyperinsulinemia, hypertriglycemia, insulin resistance, aggravated antioxidant status	[58]
Cancer model (oxidative stress, carcinogen)	Mice’s	50, 100 mg/kg	Increases the protein synthesis and used to cure cancer.	[59]
Alloxan induced diabetes	Rats	100 mg/kg	Oral administration of TCimprove the blood glucose level, GSH, Lipid profile.	[60]
High fat diet + streptozotocin induced diabetes	Rats	100, 200 mg/kg	TC is a traditional mediates its anti-diabetic potential through mitigating oxidative stress, promoting insulin secretion and also by inhibiting gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis, thereby regulating blood glucose.	[61]
Ccl4 induced liver injury	Rats	1ml/100gm	TC aqueous extract is a potent hepatoprotective agent. Extract effectively control the ALT, ALP and total bilirubin levels in this study	[62]
AKT induced hepatotoxicity	Guinea pigs	100 mg/kg	The extract of TC is used in hepatoxicity and it is also used in liver infection.	[63]
Gentamicin induced nephrotoxicity	Rats	150, 300 mg/kg	The plant extract showed nephroprotective effect in dose dependent manner	[64]
Alloxan induced diabetes	Rats	500 mg/kg	TC is used to control the blood glucose level.	[65]
zidovudine induced immunotoxicity	Rats	500 mg/kg	Ameliorate effect of T.C leaf and stem extract on zidovudine induced immunotoxicity	[66]
Cadmium induced oxidative stress	Rats	100 mg/kg	Current study explores that the extract having antioxidant activity, cytoprotective activity and improve glycoprotein activity and used in kidney disease.	[67]
Burn wound (petroleum induced)	Rats	2 % cream	Showed potential healing property with the tested formulation	[68]

 

Table 2: Clinical study of TC

Induction model	No. of individuals	Doses	Evaluation	Remarks	Reference
Cyclosporine induced memory deficit	30 people (22male, 8female)	500 mg/kg aqueous extract	Learning and memory, battery of psychological tests (visual memory, logical memory, verbal memory)	It is recorded that this plant is used to improve intelligence. So, this plant having effective in human.	[69]
Consumption of Viruddha Ahara	28 patients	15gm with milk	Complete blood count (CBC), rheumatoid arthritis (RA) titer, Antistreptolysin C-reactive protein (CRP) titer, platelet count, urine routine, and microscopic	Plant is used in rheumatoid arthritis and fever. The study has revealed that a maximum number of patients had significant results in their signs and symptoms.	[70]
Stress induced model	38 participants	150-300mg/kg (powder)	Oxygen consumption, grip strength, cold pressor tests, distance and speed, jammer’s hand‑held dynamometer	Extract is effective in lowering blood pressure and increase the travelling, improve memory	[71]
Avarana pathology	30 patients (16-70 year)	1gm trice a day (oral)	Pain, burning sensation, malaise, skin change, walking ability	This plant is used to treat atherosclerosis and peripheral arterial disease.	[72]
Double blind, Randomized control trail	117 (Healthy Females) (40-65 year)	75mg/kg	Vasomotor symptoms, serum hormone level, biochemical parameters	The regular consumption of drug can have used to improve red blood cells, blood glucose, lipid metabolism, liver and renal markers, anxiety, irritability, nervousness, Stress.	[23]
Chronic and heavy consumption of alcohol	12 Alcoholic and 14 Nonalcoholic male volunteers	100ml extract	Hematology and blood biochemistry, effect of moderate alcohol intake on steroidal compounds.	Consumption of alcohol effect the hormonal level in the body, so present study describes that drug is anti-alcoholic drug used to improve hormonal level.	[73]
Randomized control trial for liver function	20 patients (10 healthy and 10 Diabetic)	1gm (trice a day)	Glucose level, insulin level	The study is described that the drugs used is improving the liver function	[74]
Skin infection	66 patients (14-18 year)	60ml	Body weight, blood pressure, respiration rate, clearance, degree of infection	TC reduces the infection, and have effect against scabies.	[22]
Type 2 diabetes	30 healthy people	50mg/kg	Fasting blood sugar, glycosylated hemoglobin, serum lecithin cholesterol and serum lipid profile, spd, gsh.	The present study explains the drug is having anti-diabetic, antidyslpidimic and antioxidant activity	[75]
Allergic rhinitis	75 persons	300 mg/kg	% improvement of allergic rhinitis, % change in total leukocyte count, nasal smear cytology.	The extract of TC significantly decreased sneezing, nasal discharge, nasal obstruction, nasal pruritis.	[76]
Hiv	68 people	300 mg/kg	Baseline TLC, DLC, ESR, platelet count, hemoglobin and CD4 count.	TC extract, is an immunostimulant, significantly affected the symptoms of HIV. The Objective is to use as an adjunct to HIV/AIDS management.	[25]
Detection of adverse reaction	30 people	500 mg/kg	Hematology (HB, RBC, TLC), liver function test (ALT, AST), renal function (blood urea, serum creatinine)	Extract of TCis used for 21 days and it is seemed that there is less side effect.	[24]

 

Table. 3: Granted patents of TC

Title of patent	Patent No.	Description of plant	Publication date	Current assignee	Original assignee	Reference
Preparation of weight loss management	US8936817B2	The present study involves in ethanolic extract of TCwhen it given to patients, it is used in weight loss management and also involve in management of the patient’s blood serum.	20/1/2015	Ayurvedic-Life International LLC	Ayurvedic-Life International LLC	[77]
Composition of eleven herbals for treating Cancer	US6780441B2	The formulation is a combination of various herbal plants. The active ingredients are present in the plants is investigated by extraction or synthesis. The formulation is used in cell carcinomas, tumors and other metastatic States, including lung cancer.	24/8/2004	Sahajanand Biotech Pte Ltd	Sahajanand Biotech Pte Ltd	[78]
Herbal extract for renal disorder	US7914824B2	Present study is explained that the extract of TCis used in complicated and uncomplicated renal disease.	29/3/2011	Piramal Life Sciences Ltd	Piramal Life Sciences Ltd	[79]
Ayurvedic composition for the prophylaxis and treatment of AIDs, FLU, TB and other immuno deficient	5529778	The administration of aqueous extract or other pharmaceutical preparation of TCis used I the treatment of immune disease, TB, and AIDs etc.	25/6/1996	Rohatgi; Surendra	Rohatgi; Surendra	[80]
Material and method for immune system stimulation	US7425548B2	The present study is investigated that the extract of T. Cardifolia is exhibiting immuno stimulating properties.	16/10/2008	VARIETY CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL D/B/A MIAMI CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL, Miami Children's Hospital	Miami Children's Hospital	[81]
Anti-Allergic herbal formulation	US7344739B2	The herbal preparation of TCwith added additive is used as anti-allergic.	18/3/2008	Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)	Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)	[82]
Herbal nutritious chocolate formulation and process of formulation	US7247322B2	The composition TCwith Glycyrrhiza glabra, Adhatoda vasica, Madhuca Indica and Cassia Occidentalis having the property of anti-oxidant, anti-stress and chronic cough and cold.	24/7/2007	Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)	Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)	[83]
Herbal soft drink	US7550163B2	Mixture of TC, Vitis vinifera, Withania Sonnifera, Boerhaavia diffusa used as hepatoprotective, diuretic, cardiotonic and also have nervine relaxant property.	23/6/2009	Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)	Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)	[84]
Liver function improvement formulation	US6759061B2	Formulation is improving the function of liver.	6/7/2004	Renew Life Formulas Inc	Renew Life Inc	[85]
Composition of herbal biscuits for lactating mother acting as dietary supplement and process of preparation	US6517861B2	The drug is having galactagogue properties and used as anti-stress, adaptogenic, hepatoprotective and improve appetite.	11/2/2003	Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)	Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)	[86]
Herbal formulation	US6649185B2	The combination of extract is used in treatment of cancer and hematological malignancies.	18/11/2003	Sahajanand Biotech Pte Ltd	Sahajanand Biotech Pte Ltd	[87]
Composition containing TCand process for obtain	US2006/0045923A1	The pharmaceutical preparation of drug is used in allergy.	2/3/2006	VERDURE SCIENCES Inc	Lal Hingorani Vijay Thawani	[88]
Formulation for alleviating symptom associated with arthritis	5683698	Herbal formulation is decreasing the rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis and reactive arthritis.	4/11/1997	New England Deaconess Hospital	New England Deaconess Hospital	[89]
Method and composition for treatment of diabetes	5886029	This medical preparation is used in diabetes by regeneration of beta islet cell and reducing serum glucose level.	23/3/1999	Dhaliwal; Kirpal S.	Dhaliwal; Kirpal S	[90]
Polyherbal composition and method for training viral infection	US725018B2	The present study explain that the drug is beneficial for viral infection and immune system protection.	31/7/2007	INDIAN HERBS RESEARCH and SUPPLY COMPANY Ltd Natreon Inc	Natreon Inc	[91]
Herbal composition for treatment of immunocompromised condition	US7344738B2	The herbal formulation is widely used in physiological, pathological condition and also used in immune disease.	18/3/2008	Sahajanand Biotech Pte Ltd	Sahajanand Biotech Pte Ltd	[92]
Alternative act with natural botanical active gras ingredient for treatment and prevention of zika virus	US9675582B2	The pharmaceutical preparation(tablet) is used in prevention of zika virus	13/6/ 2017	US PHYTOTHERAPY Inc	US PHYTOTHERAPY Inc	[93]
System and method for the detection and treatment of infection by a microbial agent associated with HIV infection	US9580758B2	The continuous administration of drug improved the immune system. It will increase the cytokine level and reduce antioxidant. It is useful in HIV.	28/2/2017	Luc Montagnier	Luc Montagnier	[94]
Therapeutic composition and method of addressing physiological stresses and aging	US9566305B2	The present study explain that the drug is effective against immune disease.	14/2/2017	4Life Patents LLC	4Life Patents LLC	[95]
Method and composition for treating skin	US9782448B2	The herbal preparation used in inflammation by inhibiting cyclooxygenase and chemotaxis pathways.	10/10/2017	ELC Management LLC	ELC Management LLC	[96]
Herbal calf starter composition	US8663719B2	Herbal calf starter is a source of power, it destroys harmful substance	4/3/2014	Prashant Neminath Patil	Prashant Neminath Patil	[97]
Synergistic antipyretic formulation	US7658954B2	The mixture of Berberis aristate, TC, Alstonia scholaris, Andrographis pan iculata and Hedychium spicatum is used as antipyretic effect	9/2/2010	Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)	Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)	[98]
Corosolic acid formulation and its application for weight loss management and blood sugar balance	US6784206B2	The herbal formulation is used for reduce blood glucose level by acting on corosolic acid and reduce body weight in diabetes.	31/8/2004	Soft Gel Technologies Inc	Ronald G. Udell Siva P. Hari	[99]
Herb mineral formulation for treating sickle cell disease	US8895075B2	TCwith mineral improve the activity of RBCs, and having potential to treat sickle cell disease	25/11/2014	Atul M. Desai	Atul M. Desai	[100]
Method and composition for treatment of premenstrual syndrome in women	US6589569B1	Powder formulation of herbal drug/ capsule is used in premenstrual syndrome in women	8/7/2017	Kirpal S Dhaliwal	Kirpal S Dhaliwal	[101]
Herbal formulation as memory enhancer in Alzheimer condition	US7429397B2	The emulsion or soft gelatin capsule of mixture of herbal drugs such as TC, Centella asiatica, Withania somnifera, Mucuna pruriens and Curcuma longa is used as memory enhancer as well as in Alzheimer	30/9/2008	Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)	Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)	[102]
Herbal milk replacer composition for calf	US8668945B2	The present study explain that the herbal milk is act as immuno booster	11/31/2014	Prashant Neminath Patil	Prashant Neminath Patil	[103]
Formulation for prevention and treatment of bacterial infection and preparation	US8445033B2	The extract of herbal formulation treats bacterial infection	21/3/2013	Ram Chander Vaidya	Ram Chander Vaidya	[104]
Natural immunostimulant composition, method for obtain the same and pharmaceutical preparation	US7507424B2	The extract is having immuno deficient property	24/3/2004	Himalaya Global Holdings Ltd	MMI Corp	[105]
Detoxifier herbal formulation	US9233133B2	Herbal formulation act as blood purification, blood detoxification, and reduce toxic effect	12/1/2016	Manu Chaudhary	Manu Chaudhary	[106]
Natural immunostimulant composition, methods for obtaining the same and pharmaceutical formulations	US7943181B2	The plant extract is useful in immunodeficiency disease	17/3/2011	Himalaya Global Holdings Ltd	Himalaya Global Holdings Ltd	[107]
Personal care composition	US9283170B2	Present study explain that the composition is used as personal care	15/3/2016	Conopco Inc	Conopco Inc	[108]
Antiaging cosmetic delivery system	US7320797B2	The herbal composition is important for anti-inflammatory condition	22/1/2008	BIODERM Research	BIODERM Research	[109]
Corosolic acid formulation and its application for weight loss management and blood sugar balance	US7989005B2	The herbal extract is used to improve blood glucose level and reduce weight during treatment	2/8/2011	Soft Gel Technologies Inc	Soft Gel Technologies Inc	[110]

 

Pharmacological potential in all aspects of health of TC indicates that it is drug which is patentable (Table. 3.) and can be used in different formulations too.

 

Authors are thankful to second International Conference of Pharmacy, held by School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University on September 13-14, 2019 to fund the publication of this manuscript.

 

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Received on 26.11.2019           Modified on 14.03.2020

Accepted on 05.06.2020         © RJPT All right reserved